The department has established the differential patterns of mutations causative of eye diseases in chinese in more than 10 candidate genes . it has gained international recognition through output from its research work , having contributed 42 publications on genetic eye diseases in international journals and presented 105 papers in international conferences . for clinical genetic screening service , a number of genetic markers based on disease causing mutations using blood samples have been established 眼科及视觉科学学系已确立了十多个引致华人患上遗传性眼疾的基因突变和标志，部份可作遗传眼疾检验服务之用；这些研究成果获得国际赞誉，眼科及视觉科学学系先后在国际眼科或遗传医学的杂志上发表了42篇论文，并在多个国际学术会议上发表了105个报告。
Dna fingerprinting is increasingly used in india for investigating murder and rape cases and settling paternity disputes . but officials in andhra pradesh say this is the first time they have heard of farmers in the state using dna fingerprinting - which is based on identification by genetic markers - to determine the paternity of a buffalo 安得拉邦的动物管理部门将亲自出面负责本次检测工作的具体实施，以便最终判定该水牛到底与其它哪头牛具有父子关系，检测所需的全部费用将由那位最后被证明并非该水牛主人的村民来承担。
The rest mutations in pp38 and pp24 are at random . sequence analysis also shows the first 195 nuclear acids of pp38 and pp24 are the same except for the 81 site ( g / c ) , but this mutation does not cause the change of amino acid . we regard this as a genetic marker connecting with geography in the evolution of mdv but not related to isolated time and pathotype of different strain of mdv i 对pp24基因和pp38基因进行同源性比较分析的结果表明，绝大多数毒株二者的前195个核苷酸完全一致，不同毒株间的第81位核苷酸的差异( g / c )并不引起编码的氨基酸变化，仅仅与地域分布有关，这很可能是mdv在长期病毒衍化过程中形成的地域性遗传标志，而与病毒的分离年代及mdv的致病型等因素无关。
The isozyme took one kind of important genetic marker is widely applied to biology research each domain , the plant isozyme can in the very great degree be able to reflect between the plant individual the heredity difference , is surveys the gene difference and the hereditary change one important method 同工酶作为一种重要的遗传标记被广泛应用于生物学研究的各个领域，植物同工酶能够在很大程度上能反映植物个体之间的遗传差异，是探测基因差异和遗传变异的一种重要手段。
Sinensis and e . j . hepuensis has been found in the sequences of the portions of 16s rdna and pcr / rflp studies of 110 samples , from six river valleys in eastern mainland of china . these subspecies - specific restriction sites allow rapid discrimination with the endonuclease dra i , and therefore can be used as a diagnostic genetic marker for identification of the two subspecies 通过对中国大陆东部6个水系110个绒螯蟹个体16srdna部分序列的测定和pcr rflp分析，发现在合浦绒螯蟹与中华绒螯蟹之间存在3 4个固定的碱基替代，这种亚摘要种特异性的限制性位点可以通过限制性内切酶dra进行快速检测，成为2个亚种的分子鉴定标记。
Y chromosome is transmitted in the form of hap - loid , leading to extreme disequilibrium of y chromosome genetic markers distribution in different population . the prerequisite of str application in forensic medicine is establishment of a database of population y - str loci haplotype distribution . therefore we need to form haplotypes by using the known highly polymorphic str loci and detect more local population 由于y染色体呈单倍体遗传，导致y染色体遗传标记在不同人群中的分布极不平衡，群体差异比常染色体str位点更加显著，在法医学应用的前提条件是：建立含有多个y - str位点的单倍型的群体分布数据库。
In addition , the nt - 3 and nt - 4 coding sequences were used to resolve the taxa problems of the giant panda and the red pandacaizurus fulgens ) , combining with mtdna genetic marker and other traditional taxonomic data . the result suggested that the giant panda should be classified as a separate subfamily within ursidae , while the red panda should be included in a monotypic family ailurdae 4基因的保守性，结合线粒体dna上的序列和其它传统分类学资料，对大熊猫及小熊猫的分类地位进行了探讨，认为应将小熊猫单独列为一科，大熊猫与小熊猫关系较远，应划入熊科。
The genetic markers detection is the most reliable and precise methods in individual identification , for the pcr technology is especially have high sensitivity , special character and simple operation , it is popular in detecting the dna of the material . it has been developed from cell ' s level to the molecule level , grown from macroscopical level to the microcosmic level , has expanded the range in apph ' cation of material evidence greatly , has improved the quality that forecsics material evidence appraises Dna遗传标记多态性检测技术在法医学领域中的应用，特别是具有灵敏度高、特异性强、适用于降解dna检材、检测方法操作简单、节省时间等特点的pcr技术的应用和普及，使法医物证检测由细胞水平发展到分子水平，由宏观水平发展到微观水平，由只能否定发展到可以肯定的水平，极大地扩展了法医物证的应用范围，提高了法医物证鉴定的质量。
For the identification of deer species with body parts like bone , skin , hair , muscle , visceral organ , antler , blood , embryo , and their various products , the traditional methods are not likely powerful enough to discriminate these involved samples . for establishing an effective identification methodology , keratin and mtdna polymorphisms were studied and taken as genetic markers of deer species . the methods established here were proved effective for any deer primary products 对于鹿类动物骨骼、皮张、被毛、肌肉、内脏等组织、茸片、血液、胎儿及这些材料制备的各种产品的种属鉴定，传统的方法难以满足识别鉴定的需要，本文针对这一问题，从角蛋白和dna水平上设计和建立了鹿类动物物种识别方法体系，几乎可以用于任何鹿类初级产品的鉴别。
